Extent did economic, political free essay sample

Although the colonists lives changed significantly in many ways after the American Revolution, the economic, political, and social conversions are viewed to be the most dramatic. The American Revolution was the war between the American colonies and Great Britain from 1775-1783 . Most consider this war not to be a nationalist revolution, In which the all of the revolutionaries was to overturn the existing system, but rather to set up the North American colonies as an Independent nation. There were extensive economic problems and modifications after the AmericanRevolution, since America refused to pay taxes to England. The taxation without representation slogan of the was enough to persuade colonists to action. There was no real class with poverty, but economic pressure added to a feeling of the way things were being run limited the colonists fiscal activity. The Revolution provided the means necessary to give the most support to merchants Interests budding commerce, the free market, and trade. We will write a custom essay sample on Extent did economic, political or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Political change was also a consequence of the Revolution.This war occurred partially because the realistic limitations of the English political field made any policy that would match the colonial wishes unattainable. America is recognized to have come forward from Its Revolution with a more efficient and centralized government. The Revolution berthed many advances, Including the separation of church and state, concepts of individual rights and equalities, the delegation of power through written constitutions, and the notion that the government should be by consent of the people.Some say, after the Revolution, authority and liberty did not flow from the political party of the society but from the configuration of its personal relationships, affecting social development. Different social classes wanted the revolution for diverse reasons. Wealthy patriots were looking to independence to free themselves from British taxation and land limitations, but were planning on remaining in control of the resulting nation. Craftsmen and merchants were looking at independence as a way of dropping the privileges of the elite.The upper class needed the aid of the lower, but were apprehensive of their more radical goals. John Adams, although part of the elite more by education than monetary worth, deemed Pains Common Sense for Its absurd democratically notions it proposed. Even within the American patriots, there were many other factions of the group, usually determined by an individuals social and moral standings. The Federalists (including John Jay and George Washington) were a more conservative faction traditionally seen as engrossed with saving the wealth and power of the more upstanding people of colonial society. On the other hand, men as representing the poorer side of society, and promoting political equality. Where some think the American Revolution was not revolutionary at all, others believe it was warranted as such by establishing a new, satisfying regime. No matter what one thinks of this, there are factual aspects of America that considerably changed after the war, the most important being the economy, political structure, and social life.

Ancient Greek Warfare essays

Ancient Greek Warfare essays Many consider Classical Greek warfare the purest from of battle because it is rooted deeply in morals and values. Ideology, peer pressure, and commitment are just a few aspects important to the Greek soldier. Battles were won or lost depending on the strength to hold formation and the ability to not only protect yourself but your neighbor. Unity and camaraderie were the key to holding the phalanx together and evidently, winning the war. Being surrounded by family members in battle made reasons for fighting more acceptable for the hoplite soldier. Fear of failure amongst peers drove the hoplite and strong ties with fellow soldiers made success in battle a more obtainable outcome. The importance of unity in formation cannot be stressed enough in Classical Greek warfare. Weak links in formation could not be tolerated because once the unit is broken, the rest on the unit will surely fall. The key as the successful Spartan general Brasidas reminded his men , was to maintain formation always, to stay in rank, and to preserve the cohesive protection offered by the accumulation of shields. (Hanson: pg.29) Knowing now that holding formation is the key to winning battles, it would seems obvious that the best way to get men to hold formation is to place them with the men they know and trust best. Hoplites in nearly all city-states were deployed in their phalanxes by tribe and most likely of course, were well acquainted with those of their own town or deme. (Hanson: pg.121) This meant that the soldiers were not strangers to each other and pretty much knew each other all their lives. The amount of peer pressure received by having friends and family members in battle with you was tremendous. Running away or breaking ranks meant turning your back on the ones you care the most for. Fear of losing a family member or friend can be a great motivator in battle. All these closely knitted ties made the ...

The degree to which transparency and good governance have been Dissertation

The degree to which transparency and good governance have been advanced by organizational leadership in the United Arab Emirates - Dissertation Example According to the research findings the recent financial crisis that began with the subprime mortgage market in the United States has done more than correct an asset price bubble (which is typical of inefficiencies in market-based systems). It has drawn attention to factors that had exacerbated the adverse effects of such inefficiencies, in particular the poor banking regulatory regimes, and the lack of transparency and lamentable state of corporate governance in many regions across the globe. The adverse effects of the crisis were not confined to the borders of the United States, but quickly spread by means of the contagion effect throughout the interlinked financial centres of the world. Even economies that did not have an active derivatives market were affected due to the weakness in the US dollar – the principal international currency for global trade and against which several currencies are pegged. To stabilize the extremely volatile financial markets, massive bailout pack ages and debt restructuring efforts were urgently put together as quickly as possible. This stop-gap measure proved effective, but only in the short term. To ensure continued and full recovery, longer-term structural reform became the imperative, most important of which was the promotion of transparency. It was primarily because of concealment and fraud that many questionable financial transactions had evaded early detection, and accumulated to the point of that they could no longer be defused or contained by regulation. Mindful of the fact that the world’s national economies are inextricably linked and therefore the weakness of one is the weakness of all, global financial and economic alliances and unions called for greater transparency and regulatory compliance from all regional unions. The Middle East and North African (MENA) region is among the region's most cited for lack of transparency, with Somalia and Iraq identified as two of the worst-ranked countries in Transparen cy International’s Corruption Perception Index. While the UAE is far removed from either of these two, it nevertheless is bound by many commonalities including regional economic, political, and trade agreements. Furthermore, the UAE has been one of the nations which had attracted public attention precisely on this issue. Dubai, more than the

Cyber Crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cyber Crimes - Essay Example The first of these that will be discussed is that of piracy. Although piracy has traditionally been viewed as a problem that is specific to a young generation of music down loaders and video game players, the fact of the matter is that the market for software, video, music, and data piracy has exploded within recent years and is a multi-billion dollar a year loss for the industries whose intellectual rights are being infringed upon. Moreover, if the firm in question is one that distributes or creates a software product, their overall revenues are in dire danger of being lowered as a result of the actions of pirates. Likewise, the firm must be aware of the fact that software piracy usually takes place from within first as an unscrupulous employee having access to the information in question usually is responsible for taking this information home on their own and uploading it to any number of a host of sites as a means of beginning the snow-ball effect of data piracy. As such, one of t he ways in which a firm can seek to ameliorate the way in which it is exposed to the risk of software piracy is to ensure that all data movements within the firm are well tracked as well as having a robust legal department that operates in close concert with the human resources department to ensure that limited numbers of the employees have access to the finished product and those that do are well accounted for and have been explained to the ramifications, both ethical and criminal, with relation to stealing the company’s product. Secondly, if the firm itself is not one that relies on the development of software as a means to earn its revenues, the firm will need to be responsible for the ways in which its employees download and utilize the data that they might find on the internet. For this reason, a robust internet usage policy must be delineated to the employees upon their employment and watch groups should be established to ensure that compliance is met at every step of t he process. The second issue that relates to cyber crimes is that of cyber terrorism. Although this is of course a lower level incidence than the one that has been thus far mentioned, it is of primary importance not only to governmental instruments but to the very foundations of a nation’s economy. Therefore, the threat of cyber terrorism can include any and all firms that deal with an entire litany of different industries and/or businesses. In order to guard against the threat of cyber terrorism, it should be the goal of the firms in question to seek to review their security policies in dept on a quarterly and yearly basis as a means of ensuring that key oversights are addressed and no blatant flaws are exhibited in their systems. Even though it is never possible to ensure that a given firm will be 100% secure from cyber terrorism, the engagement of key assets to review the security procedures is integral in protecting the firm from such an eventuality. Finally, this analysi s will discuss the threat of fraud. This is perhaps the easiest of the three to seek to prevent as it involves the instruction of shareholders with regards to how to interpret threats that present themselves on a daily basis. Furthermore, with respect to fraud, this is almost always the type of situation in which employee lack of knowledge

Visual Analysis on a Photography of your Choice Article

Visual Analysis on a Photography of your Choice - Article Example As a means of analyzing and understanding Arbus unique style, this particular essay will discuss the photograph entitled â€Å"Identical Twins – 1967). By analyzing its technical approach, content, story, and significance, it is the hope of this particular author that the reader will come to a more informed understanding and appreciation for the work of this artist and the actual technical skill and means of delivery that this particular photograph employs. For means of reference, the photograph in question is appended on the final page of this essay in the Appendix. Likewise, the following quote from Stuart Hall will be analyzed: â€Å"Yesterdays deconstructions are often tomorrows orthodox clichà ©s† (Grossberg, 2014). As has been noted within the introduction, Arbus’ attention to elements of society that would otherwise not likely find themselves within the photographer’s lens is what helped to set her style and approach apart from others. With regard to the photo in question, identical twins that are anything but attractive are represented in a black and white medium; Arbus’ favorite. Shooting this particular shot with her Rolleiflex medium twin lens reflex, she used a square aspect ratio to engender the disjunct and unnatural reality that was represented within the shot. Furthermore, even though the image is clearly posed, Arbus stayed with her convention and insisted that the subjects did not express any clear emotion; either positive or negative. In this way, the blank faces of the twins serve as the focal point around which a dull background contrasts with their dull and dour expressions. Interestingly, Arbus chose to set the backdrop of the photo in a way that did not c ompliment nor detract from the subjects in question (Baird, 2008). This is with reference to the fact that the floor of the setting is outlined in a darker hue (predictably black) with the wall being outlined in a lighter hue (probably grey). However, by means

Adventure Or Just Another Holiday Tourism Essay

Adventure Or Just Another Holiday Tourism Essay Adventure or just another Holiday? Holidays these days are not a luxury. They are a necessity. Every year people wait for that time of the year when they can shut off their laptops and head off to a place where they can forget about appointments and deadlines. The more people work the more is their need to get away from it all. Owing to lesser and lesser time people have on hand, holidays are a way to be together with families.   Ã‚   Recently the recession has brought about changes in the way people travel. Recession has created a new set of travelers called flashpackers. They are actually backpackers who are on a budget trip who do not share their sleeping space but opt for private rooms. People mostly these days go for all inclusive holidays which are a great help. They let you help your budget yourself; let you keep a check on your food, drink, entertainment and accommodation. The question is with little time on hand and lots of holiday agencies out there to lure you what would you go for? Is it a usual shopping-sightseeing-hogging type of a holiday or wellness treat that you look for? Does a yoga course soothe your senses or a rigorous trekking tour does it for you? According to official statistics families prefer to go on the predictable leisure holidays whereas youngsters and singles opt for adventurous trips. A general myth about adventure travel is that it is full of risks and not everyone can do it. This draws a lot of people away including families. General trend in travel has constantly shown that when parents and children decide to holiday together they always prefer beaches and mountains where they can laze around in hotels, go sight seeing and eat dinners together. If observed closely adventure travel lets you do all of it and much more. Adventure travel can be fun when the entire family is involved in doing a task together. And why just families group of friends or colleagues can have a good time on adventure travels. They are probably one way you can experience nature, be together, spend time and also learn about nature. Talking about nature, eco tourism is a new trend in travel these days which has been beautifully blend with adventure vacations. If you care for the environment which you should, and want to do something about conserving it you should try an eco tour. You get a chance to travel the remotest of the places which have very less human presence and nature at its wildest best.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Some statistics here can give you a better idea about the growing demands of adventure tourism and why you should be a part of it. Extreme Adventure vacations:There are many out there who have made a list which they call Ultimate 5 Lifetime Adventures. This one sorts out the adventures one must do before they die. Skydiving, Rappelling, A ropes challenge course supervised by the army trainer, Bike racing and Hot Air Ballooning. Family adventure holidays:Families have started choosing theme parks and all inclusive resorts more genuine nature-based, cultural, and education and learning excursions, says Doyle. Theses holiday trips came forth owing to the increasing demands of people to have holidays where they can be closer to families and nature.   Soft adventure vacations:There is an increase in number of people who wish for theme based holidays. The theme can be eco tour or Yoga course with a short trekking trip.   Infact Yog is a favorite and is combined with a lot of activities such as snow boarding or wind surfing.   These kinds of holidays are quiet popular among women.

History of Tea in Japan and the Japanese Tea Ceremony Essay examples --

According to Brown, tea is classified among the most significant non-alcoholic beverage across the globe. It has gained fame as a result of its benefits. Tea is an inclusive aspect of the daily life of the Japanese individual attributable to its ceremonial and ritual characteristics. It has been treated as a cultural beverage and consumed in a refined atmosphere. Tea drinking in Japan has undergone refinement under the support of the shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa. He was the regarded as the first ruler-patron of the tea ceremony. Since historical times, tea was incorporated as an element of an independent secular ceremony. Over the past 5,000 years, the Japan have consumed green tree which acts as a beverage and a medicine (121). This paper focuses on tea in Japan, with various subtopics and its relevance among the Zen. History of Tea According to De Bary, Keen, and Tanabe, the history of tea in Japan dates back to the early Heian period, after it was introduced by monks including Kukai and Saicho. In 815, Emperor Saga permitted the production of tea in several provinces of Japan. During this period, tea drinking was normally admired and adopted by two elite classes in Japan. First, the nobles at the emperor’s court who copied their Chinese counterparts. They commended the tea’s taste and the stylish methods of its preparation and service. Second, the monks, in Buddhist temples valued tea as a result of its medicinal value (388). Hara asserts that the Chinese were responsible for introducing tea in Japan, probably during the eighth century. In the early 7th century, Japanese monks travelled to China for educational purposes of studying Buddhism. The Chan School, which was referred to as Zen in Japan, incorporated extensive medit... ...es of Japanese Tradition: From Earliest Times through the Sixteenth Century. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. Print. Deal, William E. Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Print. Ellington, Lucien. Japan. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2009. Print. Gleason, Carrie. The Biography of Tea. New York: Crabtree Publishing Company, 2007. Print. Hara, Yukihiko. Green Tea: Health Benefits and Applications. New York: CRC Press, 2001. Print. Kleiner, Fred. Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History (13th ed). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. Martin, Laura. Tea: The Drink that Changed the World. North Clarendon, Vermont: Tuttle Publishing, 2007. Print. Varley, H.Paul, and Kumakura, Isao. Tea in Japan: Essays on the History of Chanoyu. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1989. Print.

Prison Management Styles Essay

Organizations and businesses alike all have managers and management styles that they abide by. Some may be company policy; while others seem to be implemented by the manager’s themselves. In this paper, three different management styles are explained; Scientific, human relations, and systems management styles. All have been used in different organizations, and some are still used today. In order for a business to effectively succeed in their goals, a certain management style needs to be used. Management Styles The key to making any kind of business work depends on management and how management or managers manage the companies they work for. There are several different management styles that people have, however, this paper will focus mostly on three different styles; Scientific, human relations, and systems management. Scientific Management Scientific management, which is said to of been made by Frederick Taylor who first did time and motion studies, is the first management style out of the three and was mostly used in the early 1900s. (Peak, 2012). The focus of scientific management laid down the fundamental principles of large-scale manufacturing through assembly-line factories. It emphasized standardization and rationalization of work through division of labor, time and motion studies, and measurement. This was also known as â€Å"Taylorism. † (Backer, 1998). In Frederick’s early days, he worked in the steel mills and was eventually hired as chief engineer. After years of working he became interested in coming up with different methods for greater productivity in workers, so he recommended giving hourly breaks among other methods. Taylor’s way soon proved to be a drastic change to the work force with the cut in manufactured goods, and wages getting increased. (Backer, 2012). Scientific management became more widely known after World War I when managers moved into more high managed position. By the 1920s, the new management system started being promoted by some of the biggest companies and industrial engineering grew into a popular career field, and is still popular today. Industrial engineers today are still taught the scientific management way through time and motion studies, wage determination, and production planning. (Backer, 2012). Human Relations Management Beginning in the 1930s, human relations management arose to help impose a sense of dignity and pride into employee’s work ethics. In the 1930s police departments were known to use this management theory most. The human relations theory is often referred to as the â€Å"motivational† theory and assumes that people want to work and that they are self-motivated. (Peak, 2012). This theory was based a lot from the X Y theories, the motivational part coming from the Y. X on the other hand presumed that employees are unmotivated and lazy, and are only in to reap the benefits and rewards of getting paid. The main focus for implementing the human relations management style was because it was assumed that the organization would prosper as long as it helped the employees prosper. However, soon police departments decided that this wasn’t the right route for their organization to go because employees began to give less but expect more. (Peak, 2012). Systems Management Lastly, there is the systems management, a combination of both human relations management and scientific management. It was implemented to focus both on business productivity as well as the needs of the employees. In order to understand the systems management style, there needs to be a comprehension of a system. What is a system? A system is made of a variety of parts that work together to achieve a mutual goal. (Peak, 2012). Managers that go by the systems management way examine the patterns and events in the workplace in order to coordinate different programs to work together as a whole for the overall goal of the organization rather than just targeting different departments. (Peak, 2012). It used to be that managers would focus all their attention to one department, and when done, would focus all their attention to a different department. In the end, one department would be great, while all the others were different and didn’t sync well with the others. Most Effective and Disadvantages In order for today’s criminal justice system to work correctly, the best management theory would be the systems theory. The criminal justice system needs to have a structured and organized system in order to make things work, the systems management theory focuses on the overall goals of the departments as a whole, rather than focusing just on one goal for each department. Criminal justice is a system; there are several different parts that need to work together in order for it to work. This would include all components, such as the courts, police, and corrections. They all need to be on the same page in order to keep the balance between the three and avoid chaos. A disadvantage of scientific management in criminal justice was that the style focused more on the production and the needs of the organizations over caring for the needs and wants of the employees. The disadvantages of the human relations theory, was that is focused too much on the employees. With too much focus on the employees, the goals of the organization became secondary. Employees were being rewarded, and soon, employees expected more for less work. (Peak, 2012). Conclusion All three different management styles explained above have all been implemented and used in past and present organizations and seemed to work for some, while it didn’t work for others. Today, the systems management is the most popular however; the scientific management style is still used in the engineering field. Overall, the systems management style seems to be the best fit for companies of all sorts because this way of management seems to focus on all aspects of a business rather than just one here and one there. A business is a system; there are several components that work together in order to make the business a success, and the systems management theory is the best fit.

A Brief History of Manchuria

A Brief History of Manchuria Manchuria is the region of northeastern China that now covers the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning. Some geographers also include northeastern Inner Mongolia, as well. Manchuria has a long history of conquering and being conquered by its southwestern neighbor, China. Naming Controversy The name Manchuria is controversial. It comes from a European adoption of the Japanese name Manshu, which the Japanese began to use in the nineteenth century. Imperial Japan wanted to pry that area free from Chinese influence. Eventually, in the early 20th century, Japan would annex the region outright.   The so-called Manchu people themselves, as well as the Chinese, did not use this term, and it is considered problematic, given its connections with Japanese imperialism. Chinese sources generally call it the Northeast or the Three Northeast Provinces. Historically, it is also known as Guandong, meaning east of the pass. Nonetheless, Manchuria is still considered to be the standard name for northeastern China in the English language.   The Manchu People Manchuria is the traditional land of the Manchu  (formerly called the Jurchen), the Xianbei (Mongols), and the  Khitan  peoples. It also has long-standing populations of Korean and Hui Muslim people.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹In total, the Chinese central government recognizes 50 ethnic minority groups in Manchuria.  Today, it is home to more than 107 million people; however, the vast majority of them are ethnic Han Chinese. During the late Qing Dynasty (19th and early 20th centuries), the ethnic-Manchu Qing emperors encouraged their Han Chinese subjects to settle the area that was the Manchu homeland. They took this surprising step to counter Russian expansionism in the region. The mass migration of Han Chinese is called the  Chuang Guandong, or the venture into the east of the pass. Manchuria's History The first empire to unite nearly all of Manchuria was the Liao Dynasty (907 - 1125 CE). The Great Liao is also known as the Khitan Empire, which took advantage of the collapse of Tang China to spread its territory into China proper, as well. The Manchuria-based Khitan Empire was powerful enough to demand and receive tribute from Song China and also from the Goryeo Kingdom in Korea. Another Liao tributary people, the Jurchen, overthrew the Liao Dynasty in 1125 and formed the Jin Dynasty. The Jin would go on to rule much of northern China and Mongolia from 1115 to 1234 CE. They were conquered by the rising Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan. After the Mongols Yuan Dynasty in China fell in 1368, a new ethnic Han Chinese dynasty arose called the Ming. The Ming were able to assert control over Manchuria and forced the Jurchens and other local people to pay tribute to them. However, when unrest broke out in the late Ming era, the emperors invited Jurchen/Manchu mercenaries to fight in the civil war.  Instead of defending the Ming, the Manchus conquered all of China in 1644. Their new empire, ruled by the Qing Dynasty, would be the last Imperial Chinese Dynasty  and lasted until 1911. After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, Manchuria was conquered by the Japanese, who renamed it Manchukuo. It was a puppet empire, headed by the former Last Emperor of China, Puyi. Japan launched its invasion of China proper from Manchukuo; it would hold on to Manchuria until the end of World War II. When the Chinese Civil War ended in a victory for the communists in 1949, the new Peoples Republic of China took control of Manchuria. It has remained a part of China ever since.

7 cities with the shortest work commutes

7 cities with the shortest work commutes Lots of things factor into your decision making when you’re searching for a new job, and everyone has their own unique list of criteria to consider. You’ll look at everything from job title and responsibilities to salary, perks, location, opportunities for growth, and more when you’re deciding if a job opening is potentially a good one for you. After all, a new job is a major life commitment! One element most people think about when deciding whether or not a potential job opportunity is right for them is the length of the commute. After all, you already devote a significant amount of your waking hours to work, so how much extra time you spend getting to and from your job matters.According to a recent TIME article, the average commute is just around 25 minutes each way, and it has a surprising number of effects on your health- difficult commutes negatively affect your mood, happiness, blood sugar, and cholesterol levels. They also lead to spikes in anxiety and dep ression, and can even lower your immunity and make you more susceptible to illness.While a  commute-free job opportunity is ideal (the rise of telecommuting is actually making this possible for many people), if you do have to leave the house to go to work, most of us, if given the choice, would opt for as short of a commute as possible.The truth is, not all cities and commutes are created equal. Some cities are much more manageable and efficient in terms of average commute time, while others will leave you navigating an endless time-draining maze each day. Let’s take a look at seven of the cities with the shortest work commutes, based on data compiled by the U.S. Census Bureau and individual reporting of average number of minutes spent traveling from home to work each day.Cheyenne, Wyoming- this city ranked #1 on the list of shortest work commutes, with the average worker spending approximately 13.7 minutes to get to work each day.Columbia, South Carolina- following right b ehind is this #2 ranked short-commute city, where the average person spends about 15.1 minutes to get to work each day.Fargo, North Dakota- folks who work in this #3 ranked city have pretty manageable work commutes, which average at just around 15.5 minutes.Lubbock, Texas- if you’re looking for a short commute you can’t do very much better than Lubbock; the average work commute is right about 15.9 minutes each way.Charleston, West Virginia- in addition to being the state capital, Charleston is also home to pretty tolerable commute times, which average just around 16.3 minutes each way.Sioux Falls, South Dakota- save time for the rest of the things going on in your life by working in this short-commute city, where the average worker spends around 16.7 minutes to get to work every day.Billings, Montana- last but not least on our list of top cities with the shortest average commute is Billings, where the average person uses just 17.5 minutes of each day to get to work.The re you have it- seven cities that are known for having typically short commute times. If a short commute is important to you- and with all of the evidence regarding how it affects your mental and physical well being it probably should be- consider pursuing job opportunities in these locations.

Assignment as informatition Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment as informatition - Research Paper Example These snow vehicles were further expanded to 12 seated capacity for ambulance and other transportation services in 1940 under the name L’Auto-Niege Bombardier Limitee. In 1949, Canadian government’s policy to remove snow from roads presented and major setback to the company but Bombardier responded by searching new markets and inventing a truck with interchangeable wheels and skis. In 1966, company went public to seek larger expansion and growth (Bombardier Inc. 25). Bombardier Recreational Products launched Sea-Doo watercraft which considerably increased its share in recreational market. Bombardier rebanded ATV as Can-Am, an all-terrain vehicle and started production of a three wheel open roadster vehicle under brand name Spyder before this division was sold out to Bombardier family in 2003 (Delmont 9). In 1974, Bombardier Transport won a mass transit contract to manufacture more than 400 cars for subway system in Montreal. Following this, in 1984 company had breakthro ugh success in contracting New York City Transit Authority for more than 800 subway rail transit cars. Bombardier planned to went global through acquisition of BN Constructions Ferroviaires et Metalliques S.A. Belgium in 1986, ANF Industrie France in 1989, Constructura Nacional de Carros de Ferrocarril Mexico in 1992, Waggonfabrik Talbot GmbH & Co.

Financial Markets and Institutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Financial Markets and Institutions - Essay Example The interest can either be fixed or variable. Fixed-rate pays interest irrespective of the institution making enough money to pay, but variable rates can vary depending on the market conditions prevailing. The bonds which interest rate are expected to reduce can either be attractive or not depending on the view of the investor. A reducing rate bond will earn less hence unattractive, but on the other side it can be a tax haven vehicle as corporate bonds are subject to federal taxes in mark up. Low-rate bond will either be tax exempt or attract low taxes hence it can be attractive from this viewpoint. To a firm a reducing rate bond is attractive as it will cost less to issue and service the bond. Conversely, a firm expecting the rates to increase has to consider other cheaper sources of financing like bank loan if it has less interest rate than what they will pay on bonds (Zacks ETF Research,2012). 14. Bond Downgrade. . Explain how the downgrading of bonds for a particular corporation affects the prices of those bonds, the return to investors that currently hold these bonds, and the potential return to other investors who may invest in the bonds in the near future. Downgrading a bond would mean that the price of the bond will reduce significantly to market equilibrium set by sentiment about the company’s ability to service the bond. Downgrading arises from the ability of the company to service the bond which can be observed from the financial status of the company. If the company is facing financial difficulties, it might be able to pay the bonds when they mature or service current interest rates. Current investor will lose the value of their investment hence can offload the bond which can further reduce the price because of the low demand. When the price will have fallen to the least possible, it can be attractive to new investors who think that the price will rise in future. 15. Junk Bonds. Merrito Inc. is a